Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming]
Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3
UDP glycosytransferase 1, polypeptide A4
ENTITY_REFERENCE_NOTES= Long Name: UDP glycosytransferase 1, polypeptide A4 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P05982
ENTITY_REFERENCE_NOTES= Long Name: indolethylamine N-methyltransferase Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P05981
cytochrome P450 subfamily IIA polypeptide 6
ENTITY_REFERENCE_NOTES= Long Name: cytochrome P450 subfamily IIA polypeptide 6 Synonym: Coumarin 7-hydroxylase Accession: P05984
MODEL_NOTES= Nicotine is the principal alkaloid in the leaves of commercially used tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica). Nicotine in tobacco leaves and in plant-derived preparations is mostly in the (S)-nicotine isomeric form. However, tobacco smoke contains up to 10% (R)-nicotine, probably due to racemization during combustion. Nicotine is the addictive compound in tobacco and is a commonly used psychoactive drug. It enters the body by systemic absorption through cigarette smoking, oral snuff, pipe tobacco, cigars and chewing tobacco use. It can also enter in purified form as a medication. Nicotine has complex physiological effects. In cigarette smoke nicotine is carried into the body on particulate matter. It is rapidly absorbed in the small airways and alveoli of the lung. In this neutral pH environment, it is un-ionized, soluble, and can be transferred across cell membranes and into the blood. It moves into the pulmonary venous circulation, to the left ventricle of the heart, and into the systemic arterial circulation. It travels to the brain within seconds where it binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors and activates the dopaminergic reward system. Other forms of nicotine (such as nicotine gum, transdermal patch, inhaler, lozenges, and sublingual tablets) are usually buffered at alkaline pH and quickly traverse cell membranes, but most reach the blood and brain more slowly. They are less likely to cause addiction due to the delayed reward of nicotine effects. In humans, the primary site of nicotine metabolism is the liver. There is little evidence in the literature for any extrahepatic metabolism, despite the presence of isoforms of nicotine metabolizing enzymes in other tissues. Nicotine and its metabolites are excreted in urine, where they have been analyzed and quantitated. These data showed considerable interindividual variability in the amount of each metabolite produced. Cotinine is the primary metabolite of nicotine and is found in the urine of smokers. In studies of nicotine metabolism in smokers, it has been estimated that 70% of a nicotine dose is metabolized to cotinine. It reaches high levels in the blood and has a long half-life. The cotinine metabolite trans-3'-hydroxycotinine is the most abundant metabolite in urine. Glucuronide conjugation is a significant route of nicotine metabolism, with nicotine, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine glucuronides accounting for up to 30% of total metabolites recovered in urine. Website=http://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type
ENTITY_REFERENCE_NOTES= Long Name: UDP glycosyltransferase 2, member B7 Synonym: uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase 2, member B7 Accession: P05980
ENTITY_REFERENCE_NOTES= Long Name: Flavin-containing monooxygenase Synonym: Dimethylaniline N-oxidase,Dimethylaniline monooxygenase (N-oxide-forming) Accession: P05979