ATP Synthesis (Oxidative Phosphorylation): ================================= The process responsible for the for mation of ATP from ADP and phosphate in the mitochondria is known as oxidative phosphorylation to distinguish it from the sustrate-level phosphorylation in the glycolytic pathway that can take place in the absence of oxygen. The enrgy required for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria is released by the removal of pairs of hydrogens from a range of substrates including pyruvate, glutamate, and intermediates in the TCA cycle and in the beta-oxidation pathway for fatty acids. These substrate oxidations are coupled to the reduction of the coenzymes NAD+ or FAD in the mitochondrial matrix. The reduced forms of these coenzymes are reoxidized by molecular oxygen using a series of electron carriers on the inner membrane is known as the respiratory chain. References: ========== 1. Human Metabolism by Ramsey Bronk 2. Biochemiscal Pathways - An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Edited by Gerhard Michal. 3. Color Atlas of Biochemistry by Jan Koolman and Klaus-Heinrich Rohm. 2.3 SQUARE_CLOSEUP_NORTH SQUARE_CLOSEUP_SOUTH inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive Matrix Outer Compartment inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE H_sub_2_endsub_O outerSurface PROTEIN p74 transmembrane PROTEIN p75 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ATP_super_4- inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ATP_super_4- inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ATP_super_3- inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ATP_super_3- outerSurface PROTEIN p78 inside ION P_sub_i_endsub__super_-_endsuper_ inside ION H_super_+_endsuper_ inside ION P_sub_i_endsub__super_-_endsuper_ inside ION H_super_+_endsuper_ transmembrane PROTEIN p81 PROTEIN p82 PROTEIN p81 inside ION 3H_super_+_endsuper_ Cytochromes; outerSurface PROTEIN p83 inside PROTEIN p84 UQ - Ubiquinone; UQH2 - Reduced ubiquinone; FAD - Flavin adenine nucleotide; FeS - Iron Sulfur protein; Cytochromes; outerSurface PROTEIN p85 PROTEIN p86 PROTEIN p87 inside PROTEIN p80 PROTEIN p80 PROTEIN p80 Flavin mononucleotide outerSurface PROTEIN p88 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE NADH inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE NAD_super_+_endsuper_ inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE Succinate inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE Fumarate inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE 2H_super_+_endsuper_ + 1/2O_sub_2_endsub_ TRANSPORT s284 s252 0.33333333333333304,-8.881784197001252E-16 0.666666666666667,-8.881784197001252E-16 a303 a262 STATE_TRANSITION s296 s299 0.33333333333333215,-1.7763568394002505E-15 0.6666666666666679,-3.552713678800501E-15 a251 a315 a314 STATE_TRANSITION s301 s303 0.3333333333333339,1.3322676295501878E-15 0.6666666666666661,2.6645352591003757E-15 a317 a318 a311 TRANSPORT s292 s259 0.3333333333333348,1.7763568394002505E-15 0.6666666666666665,0.0 a311 a320 TRANSPORT s295 s259 0.3333333333333335,1.7763568394002505E-15 0.666666666666667,-1.7763568394002505E-15 a314 a321 STATE_TRANSITION s179 s180 0.11111111111111072,1.1388888888888893 0.5277777777777786,1.1388888888888893 a214 a241 a305 TRANSPORT s258 s256 0.350641882803131,-0.17789020571693492 0.7276455075447421,-0.18900812234657405 a264 a266 a253 TRANSPORT s259 s254 0.2949285005910869,0.10727140975885019 0.5130870511400187,0.09575393148041023 a267 a265 a253 TRANSPORT s246 s219 0.40165029425035703,0.22998737162295457 0.6379783074038119,0.21070931733181109 a258 a236 a257 TRANSPORT s249 s250 0.33652792884304206,0.15440544963593572 0.5803004968340066,0.14812834968703337 a259 a260 a257 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION s250,s254 s246 0.33333333333333215,0.0 0.6666666666666652,-8.881784197001252E-16 0.33333333333333326,-4.440892098500626E-16 0.6666666666666665,-4.440892098500626E-16 0.3333333333333335,-1.5543122344752192E-15 0.666666666666667,-2.6645352591003757E-15 0.33333333333333215,0.33333333333333304 a260 a265 a304 a302