Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor 2, 4 Pathway: Muscarinic ACh receptors are negatively coupled to PKA and intracellular cAMP signaling. These receptors are found in the brain controlling attention (eg. reduction of cholinergic fibers in elderly and trisomy 21 patients leads to Alzheimer's disease) and peripheral nervous system controlling parasympathetic responses (eg. release of acetylcholine from the vagus nerve reduces heart rate and blood pressure). These receptors are important existing drug targets for heart disease, hypertension, bronchial asthma, anesthesia, Alzheimer's disease, and one of the main mechanisms for dilated cardiomyopathy is likely to be autoimmune (against m2) mediated myocardial damage. Website=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12667888 Website=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9711178 Website=http://www.ptd.neu.edu/neuroanatomy/cyberclass/pharmacology/acetylcholine.htm Website=http://www.unifr.ch/biochem/DREYER/Neurotransmitters/acetylcholine.htm 4.0 s59 SIMPLE_MOLECULE GTP s59 PROTEIN p8 s58 SIMPLE_MOLECULE GDP s58 PROTEIN p8 s58 PROTEIN p1 s65 PROTEIN p1 s65 SIMPLE_MOLECULE ACh s99 PROTEIN p17 s99 SIMPLE_MOLECULE ACh s102 PROTEIN p14 s102 SIMPLE_MOLECULE choline SQUARE_CLOSEUP_NORTHEAST SQUARE SQUARE_CLOSEUP_SOUTHEAST inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive synaptic vessicle nerve terminal heart muscle or neuron cytosol, or nerve terminal Long Name: Ca2+ Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02489 inside ION Ca_super_2+ Long Name: GTP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01787 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE GTP Long Name: GDP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01784 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE GDP Long Name: Ca2+ Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02489 inside ION Ca_super_2+ Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05400 Heterodimer Member Info: GTP#SIMPLE_MOLECULE#GTP#S01787##;G-Protein#PROTEIN#Gi#P01085## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(GTP/G-Protein) Long Name: ACh Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01783 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ACh Long Name: N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor Synonym: SNARE Accession: P01079 transmembrane PROTEIN p11 Long Name: ACh Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01783 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ACh Long Name: choline acetyltransferase Synonym: CAT,CHAT Accession: P01076 inside PROTEIN p12 Long Name: choline Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01786 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE choline Long Name: Acetyl CoA Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01789 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE Acetyl CoA Long Name: ACh Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01783 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ACh Long Name: acetylcholinesterase Synonym: ACHE,AChE Accession: P01080 inside PROTEIN p13 Long Name: Acetyl CoA Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01789 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE Acetyl CoA Long Name: choline Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01786 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE choline Long Name: high affinity choline transporter Synonym: cht1 Accession: P01084 transmembrane PROTEIN p14 Long Name: Long Name: cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 3 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05402 Heterodimer Member Info: mAChR2/4#PROTEIN#mAChR2/4#P01077#CHRM2|CHRM4|mACh2|mACh4|mAChR2|mAChR4#;GDP#SIMPLE_MOLECULE#GDP#S01784##;G-Protein#PROTEIN#Gi#P01085## transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(GDP/G-Protein/_br_mAChR2/4) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05398 Heterodimer Member Info: ACh#SIMPLE_MOLECULE#ACh#S01783##;mAChR2/4#PROTEIN#mAChR2/4#P01077#CHRM2|CHRM4|mACh2|mACh4|mAChR2|mAChR4# transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(mAChR2/4/_br_ACh) Long Name: ATP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01785 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ATP Long Name: cAMP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01788 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE cAMP Long Name: G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel Synonym: GIRK Accession: P01083 transmembrane PROTEIN p16 Long Name: K+ Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02490 inside ION K_super_+ Long Name: K+ Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02490 inside ION K_super_+ Long Name: vesicular acetylcholine transporter Synonym: CG32848,VAChT Accession: P01078 transmembrane PROTEIN p17 Long Name: muscle contraction Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02491 inside PHENOTYPE muscle contraction Long Name: Adenylate Cyclase Synonym: AC Accession: P01082 inside PROTEIN p2 Long Name: Protein Kinase A Synonym: PKA Accession: P01075 inside PROTEIN p15 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05399 Heterodimer Member Info: ACh#SIMPLE_MOLECULE#ACh#S01783##;VAChT#PROTEIN#vesicular acetylcholine transporter#P01078#CG32848|VAChT# transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(VAChT/ACh) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05401 Heterodimer Member Info: choline#SIMPLE_MOLECULE#choline#S01786##;CHT1#PROTEIN#high affinity choline transporter#P01084#cht1# transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(CHT1/choline) Long Name: L-type Calcium Channel Synonym: Ca2+ channel Accession: P01081 transmembrane PROTEIN p10 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333339,-1.7763568394002505E-15 0.666666666666667,-3.552713678800501E-15 a11 a66 a65 DISSOCIATION 0.664055251036002,-0.03612250832733466 a64 a19 a4 a73 a65 a23 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.4141196309002435,0.002463275672621723 0.5201063056133037,-0.007328710740941324 0.02334796329659472,0.5114019205185865 a79 a80 a81 a78 DISSOCIATION 0.36294221584662134,0.0026922228980157392 0.6666666666666665,4.440892098500626E-16 0.38831807651817574,0.008819999980670401 0.7766361530363497,0.017639999961347907 0.3807349370280193,-0.007291672413625161 0.7614698740560373,-0.014583344827250322 0.13111597478861015,0.28511116692380467 a4 a88 a87 a85 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333339,-4.996003610813204E-16 0.6666666666666679,3.885780586188048E-16 a90 a91 a66 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333339,-1.6653345369377348E-16 0.666666666666667,5.551115123125783E-17 a92 a94 a91 STATE_TRANSITION 0.33333333333333304,3.1086244689504383E-15 0.6666666666666663,6.661338147750939E-15 a74 a75 a94 TRANSPORT 0.11122826650458495,0.37394905809697043 0.5670750989073066,0.1794778929022005 a18 a17 a75 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333339,-4.440892098500626E-16 0.6666666666666674,-4.440892098500626E-16 a95 a96 a65 TRANSPORT 0.3333333333333335,0.0 0.6666666666666667,0.0 a98 a97 a96 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.5092052509094032,0.07561084353647884 0.45184699535698414,-0.05894997860731521 0.45217042484409875,0.1637270724157347 a81 a99 a103 DISSOCIATION 0.5295105894419212,0.03794764244389226 0.3333333333333315,0.33333333333333215 a103 a99 a77 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.5131415603601782,-0.1553001578447728 a88 a89 a106 DISSOCIATION 0.4447769220094364,0.5044667638079381 a106 a80 a89 TRANSPORT 0.4775552881203081,-0.32290885466527763 0.6793232020576712,-0.1984298867548815 a77 a4 a76 TRANSPORT 0.3047816050896124,-0.18730995813680368 0.6691968598543584,-0.20591724238709525 a87 a79 TRIGGER a17 a100