Parkinson's disease is characterized neuropathologically by the death of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein-positive Lewy bodies. Mutations in alpha-synuclein have been linked to Parkinson's disease, while mutations in parkin have been linked to juvenile-onset PD. Synuclein is a phosphoprotein that aggregates to form the backbone of Lewy bodies. Parkin is a ubiquitin E3 protein that assists in the ubiquitination and phosphorylation of multiple substrates. Medline=11433374 Medline=11580890 Medline=12526767 Medline=12814656 Medline=12814657 Medline=12846976 Medline=12859888 Medline=12971891 Medline=14593166 4.0 s35 PROTEIN p12 s35 PROTEIN p1 s48 PROTEIN p16 s48 PROTEIN p1 s31 PROTEIN p9 s31 PROTEIN p11 s32 PROTEIN p9 s32 PROTEIN p1 s65 PROTEIN p12 s65 PROTEIN p13 s66 PROTEIN p12 s66 PROTEIN p13 s77 PROTEIN p13 s77 PROTEIN p28 s80 PROTEIN p13 s80 PROTEIN p28 s88 PROTEIN p33 s88 PROTEIN p13 s88 PROTEIN p32 s101 ION N_br_Y125 s101 PROTEIN p1 s103 PROTEIN p34 s103 PROTEIN p13 s105 ION O-glyc s105 PROTEIN p1 s106 ION O-glyc s106 PROTEIN p1 s106 PROTEIN p13 s108 ION O-glyc s108 PROTEIN p1 s108 PROTEIN p13 s112 PROTEIN p35 s112 PROTEIN p13 s113 PROTEIN p35 s113 PROTEIN p13 s119 PROTEIN p36 s119 PROTEIN p13 s120 PROTEIN p36 s120 PROTEIN p13 s124 PROTEIN p36 s124 PROTEIN p37 s126 PROTEIN p2 s126 ION O C342 SQUARE_CLOSEUP_NORTH OVAL OVAL OVAL OVAL inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active active inactive inactive inactive inactive active active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive Intracellular Mitochondrion Synaptic vesicle Endoplasmic reticulum Long Name: Dopamine transporter Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01228 transmembrane PROTEIN p2 Long Name: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01823 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE MPTP Long Name: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl pyridium Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01822 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE MPP+ Long Name: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl pyridium Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01822 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE MPP+ Long Name: Dopamine Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01819 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE DA Long Name: Dopamine Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01819 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE DA Long Name: ONOO- Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02570 inside ION ONOO- Long Name: Reactive oxygen species Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01815 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ROS Long Name: Iron Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01818 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE Iron Long Name: Long Name: Hydrogen peroxide Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S04839 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE H_sub_2_endsub_O_sub_2_endsub Long Name: Phospholipase D2 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01207 transmembrane PROTEIN p4 Long Name: Casein kinase I Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01242 inside PROTEIN p5 Long Name: Casein kinase II Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01236 inside PROTEIN p6 Long Name: G-protein related kinase Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01234 inside PROTEIN p7 Long Name: 20S proteasome Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01227 inside PROTEIN p11 Long Name: a1_degraded Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02580 inside DEGRADED a1_degraded Long Name: alpha-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01218 inside PROTEIN p1 Long Name: alpha-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01218 inside PROTEIN p1 8 Long Name: alpha-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01218 inside PROTEIN p1 8 Long Name: alpha-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01218 inside PROTEIN p1 Long Name: alpha-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01218 inside PROTEIN p1 Long Name: Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01210 inside PROTEIN p14 Long Name: Synphilin Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01225 inside PROTEIN p12 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05484 Heterodimer Member Info: alpha-Synuclein#PROTEIN#alpha-Synuclein#P01218##;Synphilin#PROTEIN#Synphilin#P01225## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(Synphilin/_alpha_-Synuclein) Long Name: 14-3-3 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01238 inside PROTEIN p16 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05493 Heterodimer Member Info: alpha-Synuclein#PROTEIN#alpha-Synuclein#P01218##;14-3-3#PROTEIN#14-3-3#P01238## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(14-3-3/_alpha_-Synuclein) Long Name: alpha-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01218 inside PROTEIN p1 Long Name: Fyn kinase Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01235 inside PROTEIN p17 Long Name: Rous sarcoma protein tyrosine kinase Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01230 inside PROTEIN p18 Long Name: 19S proteasome Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01209 inside PROTEIN p9 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05495 Heterodimer Member Info: 19S proteasome#PROTEIN#19S proteasome#P01209##;20S proteasome#PROTEIN#20S proteasome#P01227## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(19S proteasome/20S proteasome) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05485 Heterodimer Member Info: 19S proteasome#PROTEIN#19S proteasome#P01209##;alpha-Synuclein#PROTEIN#alpha-Synuclein#P01218## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(19S proteasome/_alpha_-Synuclein) Long Name: Elk-1 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01233 inside PROTEIN p19 Long Name: Elk-1 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01233 inside PROTEIN p19 Long Name: Fatty acids Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01821 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE Fatty acids Long Name: Long Name: O2 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05501 inside ION O_sub_2_endsub Long Name: Heat shock protein 70 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01208 inside PROTEIN p21 Long Name: beta-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01217 inside PROTEIN p22 Long Name: gamma-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01231 inside PROTEIN p23 Long Name: Torsin A Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01221 inside PROTEIN p24 Long Name: Parkin Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01216 inside PROTEIN p13 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05496 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;Synphilin#PROTEIN#Synphilin#P01225## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(Synphilin/Parkin) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05482 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;Synphilin#PROTEIN#Synphilin#P01225## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(Synphilin/Parkin) Long Name: a92_degraded Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02572 inside DEGRADED a92_degraded Long Name: ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L3 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01224 inside PROTEIN p15 Long Name: ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E2 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01223 inside PROTEIN p25 Long Name: Ub Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02576 inside ION Ub Long Name: alpha-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01218 inside PROTEIN p1 Long Name: ERK Synonym: MAPK Accession: P01211 inside PROTEIN p26 Long Name: ERK Synonym: MAPK Accession: P01211 inside PROTEIN p26 Long Name: Stress-activated protein kinase Synonym: JNK Accession: P01219 inside PROTEIN p20 Long Name: Stress-activated protein kinase Synonym: JNK Accession: P01219 inside PROTEIN p20 Long Name: p38 MAPK Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01212 inside PROTEIN p27 Long Name: p38 MAPK Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01212 inside PROTEIN p27 Long Name: Endothelin receptor type B-like Synonym: EDNRBL,Gpr37 Accession: P01229 innerSurface PROTEIN p28 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05490 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;Pael-R#PROTEIN#Endothelin receptor type B-like#P01229#EDNRBL|Gpr37# transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(Parkin/Pael-R) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05494 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;Pael-R#PROTEIN#Endothelin receptor type B-like#P01229#EDNRBL|Gpr37# inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(Parkin/Pael-R) Long Name: Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 6 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01222 inside PROTEIN p29 Long Name: Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 7 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01220 inside PROTEIN p30 Long Name: a109_degraded Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02582 inside DEGRADED a109_degraded Long Name: Cyclin E Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01213 inside PROTEIN p31 Long Name: Long Name: F-box and WD-40 domain protein 7 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05483 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;Cul-1#PROTEIN#F-box and WD-40 domain protein 7#P01239#Cullin#;hSel10#PROTEIN#F-box and WD-40 domain protein 7#P01240## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(Cul-1/Parkin/_br_hSel10) Long Name: Cyclin E Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01213 inside PROTEIN p31 Long Name: a119_degraded Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02573 inside DEGRADED a119_degraded Long Name: Complex I Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01237 inside PROTEIN p3 Long Name: alpha-Synuclein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01218 outerSurface PROTEIN p1 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05498 Heterodimer Member Info: alpha-Synuclein#PROTEIN#alpha-Synuclein#P01218##;N Y125#ION#N Y125#U02578## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(N_br_Y125/_alpha_-Synuclein) Long Name: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01232 inside PROTEIN p34 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05499 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;CASK#PROTEIN#Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase#P01232## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(CASK/Parkin) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05491 Heterodimer Member Info: O-glyc#ION#O-glyc#U02571##;alpha-Synuclein#PROTEIN#alpha-Synuclein#P01218## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(O-glyc/_alpha_-Synuclein) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05486 Heterodimer Member Info: O-glyc#ION#O-glyc#U02571##;Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;alpha-Synuclein#PROTEIN#alpha-Synuclein#P01218## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(O-glyc/_alpha_-Synuclein/_br_Parkin) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05500 Heterodimer Member Info: O-glyc#ION#O-glyc#U02571##;Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;alpha-Synuclein#PROTEIN#alpha-Synuclein#P01218## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(O-glyc/_alpha_-Synuclein/_br_Parkin) Long Name: a148_degraded Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02574 inside DEGRADED a148_degraded Long Name: Tyrosine hydroxylase Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01241 inside PROTEIN p35 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05492 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;TH#PROTEIN#Tyrosine hydroxylase#P01241## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(TH/Parkin) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05497 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;TH#PROTEIN#Tyrosine hydroxylase#P01241## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(TH/Parkin) Long Name: L-tyrosine Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01820 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE L-tyrosine Long Name: 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01817 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE L-DOPA Long Name: a157_degraded Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02577 inside DEGRADED a157_degraded Long Name: Cell division cycle-related protein 1 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01226 inside PROTEIN p36 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05489 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;CDCrel-1#PROTEIN#Cell division cycle-related protein 1#P01226## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(CDCrel-1/Parkin) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05487 Heterodimer Member Info: Parkin#PROTEIN#Parkin#P01216##;CDCrel-1#PROTEIN#Cell division cycle-related protein 1#P01226## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(CDCrel-1/Parkin) Long Name: a173_degraded Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02579 inside DEGRADED a173_degraded Long Name: Syntaxin Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01215 transmembrane PROTEIN p37 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05488 Heterodimer Member Info: Syntaxin#PROTEIN#Syntaxin#P01215##;CDCrel-1#PROTEIN#Cell division cycle-related protein 1#P01226## transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(CDCrel-1/Syntaxin) Long Name: Carboxyl terminus of the Hsc-70 interacting protein Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P01214 inside PROTEIN p38 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05481 Heterodimer Member Info: O C342#ION#O C342#U02575##;DAT#PROTEIN#Dopamine transporter#P01228## transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(DAT/O C342) Long Name: Dopamine transporter Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: G01547 inside GENE gn1 inside RNA rn1 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333215,-4.218847493575595E-15 0.666666666666667,8.881784197001252E-16 a1 a2 a10 a16 a17 a18 a80 a82 a83 a84 a85 STATE_TRANSITION 0.29777777777777903,-0.031111111111119527 0.7422222222222228,-0.04888888888889653 a6 a7 TRANSPORT 0.27317022814080727,-0.07684525652937069 0.7294931351295553,-0.08859295963662639 a7 a8 a5 TRANSPORT 0.33333333333333337,-8.881784197001252E-16 0.6666666666666664,-8.881784197001252E-16 a9 a10 a5 STATE_TRANSITION a14 a15 a8 STATE_TRANSITION a19 a20 a1 STATE_TRANSITION 0.5562909896528128,0.05098455777413324 a1 a34 a39 DISSOCIATION 0.1900881970353243,0.561058936203668 a39 a32 a35 a1 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.4262490454493246,-0.008358280722276845 0.4978100570520603,0.0014852718868731962 0.5325652847982392,-0.07664944755200409 0.38333000250262383,0.25564755850109133 a1 a35 a42 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.3333333333333339,0.0 0.6666666666666661,-7.771561172376096E-16 0.3333333333333335,8.881784197001252E-16 0.6666666666666661,8.881784197001252E-16 0.5193077889661186,0.007697789709313785 -9.90712195095389E-4,0.4832353689171627 a1 a49 a50 STATE_TRANSITION a21 a56 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3509793904929355,0.002328519212263236 0.701958780985871,0.004657038424526305 a1 a57 a59 STATE_TRANSITION a57 a58 a59 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.5530826885981028,0.03623822352453043 a64 a65 a68 STATE_TRANSITION 0.33333333333333304,0.0 0.6666666666666661,0.0 a73 a77 a64 STATE_TRANSITION 0.29455643370925166,-0.011263061303020905 0.7435396501198799,0.0036260841251518627 a78 a79 a64 STATE_TRANSITION a81 a16 a15 STATE_TRANSITION a81 a18 a15 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.6993872832171562,0.0011075457415050671 0.33333333333333215,0.33333333333333437 a49 a87 a90 STATE_TRANSITION 0.4785987017945752,-0.010652920962199275 a92 a93 a39 STATE_TRANSITION a90 a95 a92 a86 a94 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333337,-8.881784197001252E-16 0.666666666666667,-2.6645352591003757E-15 a69 a21 a22 a23 a24 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333335,0.0 0.6666666666666681,-8.881784197001252E-16 a69 a70 a72 a71 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3009576991203584,0.013786063826596973 0.601915398240715,0.02757212765318684 a96 a98 a64 STATE_TRANSITION 0.2820643874859492,-0.027776726107099137 0.6936483297366074,0.02274132687186281 a99 a100 a64 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.4390206543894992,0.1324920763964963 a103 a101 a106 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333339,8.881784197001252E-16 0.666666666666667,2.6645352591003757E-15 a106 a163 a109 a111 a110 a181 a182 STATE_TRANSITION a109 a112 a39 STATE_TRANSITION 0.33333333333333137,-3.552713678800501E-15 0.6666666666666671,0.0 a113 a119 a118 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333339,0.0 0.666666666666667,0.0 a119 a120 a39 STATE_TRANSITION a1 a124 a8 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.4874903725432578,0.006308961151358039 0.49487320656342204,0.01833434504566922 0.3333333333333339,0.33333333333333226 a126 a128 a129 STATE_TRANSITION a130 a133 STATE_TRANSITION 0.39821151756465856,0.01064720418655174 a141 a164 a148 a86 a94 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.4876327391070676,0.07019875707141932 a133 a137 a141 STATE_TRANSITION 0.5847255700938745,-0.027265452344007457 a148 a149 a39 STATE_TRANSITION 0.33333333333333304,0.0 0.666666666666667,-1.3322676295501878E-15 a156 a165 a157 a160 a161 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.3731726048437971,0.2071093557146364 a150 a151 a156 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333328,1.7763568394002505E-15 0.6666666666666672,1.7763568394002505E-15 a158 a159 a151 a130 STATE_TRANSITION 0.33333333333333304,-8.881784197001252E-16 0.6666666666666665,-8.881784197001252E-16 a157 a162 a167 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.05596866944278922,0.43347213959944364 a168 a128 a174 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3333333333333335,-4.440892098500626E-16 0.666666666666667,-8.881784197001252E-16 a174 a173 a86 a94 STATE_TRANSITION 0.43484940891582546,-0.013427352687721772 a173 a175 a176 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.42139191388158537,0.1341219176367504 a168 a177 a180 STATE_TRANSITION 0.377777278666958,0.01933830119367047 0.6054709574932549,0.0166535423232142 a5 a183 a13 TRANSLATION 0.37730933733266614,-0.050913736599452086 0.8015441870799309,0.033183358329170964 a184 a5 TRANSCRIPTION a184 sa130 a1