Panther Pathway: P00028 Phototransduction in the rod outer segment is mediated by a G-protein signaling pathway delineated by the photon-activated heptahelical transmembrane receptor Rhodopsin and its downstream heterotrimeric G-protein, Transducin. Rhodopsin's activation of Transducin alpha promotes the catalytic activity of Phosphodiesterase. The resultant decrease in cGMP forces cGMP-gated ion channels to close, intracellular sodium levels fall (hyperpolarization) and glutamate release at the synapse ceases, thus activating neighboring neurons, effectively propagating and amplifying the visual signal. Numerous proteins serve to modulate the pathway's level of amplification and also serve to dampen the signal's duration. Medline=11008492 Medline=11152756 Medline=11826267 Medline=11909550 PMID: 11008492 PMID: 11152756 PMID: 11826267 PMID: 11909550 4.0 s10 PROTEIN p5 s10 PROTEIN p9 s1 SIMPLE_MOLECULE Ligand s1 PROTEIN p1 s84 PROTEIN p7 s23 PROTEIN p3 s23 PROTEIN p5 s23 PROTEIN p9 s5 PROTEIN p1 s5 PROTEIN p3 s5 PROTEIN p5 s5 PROTEIN p9 s5 SIMPLE_MOLECULE Ligand s11 PROTEIN p3 s11 PROTEIN p5 s11 PROTEIN p9 s122 PROTEIN p32 s122 PROTEIN p33 s125 PROTEIN p34 s125 PROTEIN p35 s126 PROTEIN p34 s126 PROTEIN p35 s126 PROTEIN p3 s130 PROTEIN p35 s130 PROTEIN p3 Long Name: Rhodopsin Synonym: GiPCR Accession: P00747 s11 PROTEIN p1 Long Name: Rhodopsin Synonym: GiPCR Accession: P00747 s84 PROTEIN p1 SQUARE inactive active inactive inactive inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive inactive inactive active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active active inactive active active inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive active inactive active inactive inactive Mi Huaiyu SRI International Cytosol Long Name: GTP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01712 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE GTP Long Name: GDP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01710 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE GDP Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05267 Heterodimer Member Info: Ggamma#PROTEIN#Ggamma#P00751##;Gbeta#PROTEIN#Gbeta#P00753## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(G_beta_/G_gamma_) Long Name: ATP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01711 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ATP Long Name: P Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02329 inside ION P Long Name: ADP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01715 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE ADP Long Name: Arrestin Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00757 inside PROTEIN p7 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05265 Heterodimer Member Info: Rhodopsin#PROTEIN#Rhodopsin#P00747#GiPCR#;Ligand#SIMPLE_MOLECULE#Ligand#S01714## transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(Ligand/Rhodopsin) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05263 Heterodimer Member Info: Rhodopsin#PROTEIN#Rhodopsin#P00747#GiPCR#;Arrestin#PROTEIN#Arrestin#P00757## transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(Rhodopsin/Arrestin) Long Name: Rhodopsin Synonym: GiPCR Accession: P00747 transmembrane PROTEIN p1 Long Name: Rhodopsin Synonym: GiPCR Accession: P00747 transmembrane PROTEIN p1 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05266 Heterodimer Member Info: Ggamma#PROTEIN#Ggamma#P00751##;Gbeta#PROTEIN#Gbeta#P00753##;Gtalpha#PROTEIN#Gtalpha#P00760## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(G_sub_t_endsub__alpha_/G_beta_/_br_G_gamma_) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05264 Heterodimer Member Info: Rhodopsin#PROTEIN#Rhodopsin#P00747#GiPCR#;Ggamma#PROTEIN#Ggamma#P00751##;Gbeta#PROTEIN#Gbeta#P00753##;Ligand#SIMPLE_MOLECULE#Ligand#S01714##;Gtalpha#PROTEIN#Gtalpha#P00760## transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(Rhodopsin/G_sub_t_endsub__alpha_/_br_G_beta_/G_gamma_/_br_Ligand) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05260 Heterodimer Member Info: Rhodopsin#PROTEIN#Rhodopsin#P00747#GiPCR#;Ggamma#PROTEIN#Ggamma#P00751##;Gbeta#PROTEIN#Gbeta#P00753##;Gtalpha#PROTEIN#Gtalpha#P00760## transmembrane COMPLEX Complex_br_(Rhodopsin/G_sub_t_endsub__alpha_/_br_G_beta_/G_gamma_) Long Name: Gtalpha Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00760 inside PROTEIN p3 Long Name: Gtalpha Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00760 inside PROTEIN p3 Long Name: Rhodopsin kinase Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00750 inside PROTEIN p31 Long Name: Photon Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02328 inside UNKNOWN Photon Long Name: RGS9 Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00749 inside PROTEIN p32 Long Name: Gbeta5L Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00748 inside PROTEIN p33 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05262 Heterodimer Member Info: Gbeta5L#PROTEIN#Gbeta5L#P00748##;RGS9#PROTEIN#RGS9#P00749## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(RGS9/G_beta_5L) Long Name: Phosphodiesterase alpha/beta subunits Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00759 inside PROTEIN p34 Long Name: Phosphodiesterase gamma subunit Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00754 inside PROTEIN p35 Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05261 Heterodimer Member Info: PDEgamma#PROTEIN#Phosphodiesterase gamma subunit#P00754##;PDEalphabeta#PROTEIN#Phosphodiesterase alpha/beta subunits#P00759## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(PDE_alpha__beta_/PDE_gamma_) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05259 Heterodimer Member Info: PDEgamma#PROTEIN#Phosphodiesterase gamma subunit#P00754##;PDEalphabeta#PROTEIN#Phosphodiesterase alpha/beta subunits#P00759##;Gtalpha#PROTEIN#Gtalpha#P00760## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(PDE_alpha__beta_/PDE_gamma_/_br_G_sub_t_endsub__alpha_) Long Name: Long Name: Long name not specified Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U05258 Heterodimer Member Info: PDEgamma#PROTEIN#Phosphodiesterase gamma subunit#P00754##;Gtalpha#PROTEIN#Gtalpha#P00760## inside COMPLEX Complex_br_(PDE_gamma_/G_sub_t_endsub__alpha_) Long Name: cGMP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01716 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE cGMP Long Name: 5-GMP Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: S01713 inside SIMPLE_MOLECULE 5_minus_GMP Long Name: cGMP-gated ion channel Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00752 transmembrane PROTEIN p36 Long Name: Na+ Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02331 inside ION Na_super__plus_ Long Name: Na+ Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02331 inside ION Na_super__plus_ Long Name: Glutamate release Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02330 inside PHENOTYPE Glutamate_br_release Long Name: Recoverin Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00756 inside PROTEIN p37 Long Name: Calmodulin Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00755 inside PROTEIN p38 Long Name: Ca2+ Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: U02327 inside ION Ca_super_2_plus_ Long Name: Protein kinase A Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00746 inside PROTEIN p40 Long Name: Phosducin Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00758 inside PROTEIN p39 Long Name: Phosducin Synonym: Synonym not specified Accession: P00758 inside PROTEIN p39 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.002741342512090572,0.7797441870112523 a10 a13 a17 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION -0.012284879002693039,0.3581935908546672 a19 a17 a12 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.27592947284237557,0.3002509719764461 a33 a37 a78 DISSOCIATION 0.2008986769374017,-0.001036908630765776 0.34089237960679375,0.0028174925943678097 0.5911409289614966,0.17674249237138695 a5 a2 a1 a8 a10 a4 STATE_TRANSITION 0.3966435255465921,0.004912486211810063 0.6482425151135578,-0.005438357706916586 a1 a35 a33 a36 a136 STATE_TRANSITION a12 a5 a138 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.4308818687171936,0.01898158011969109 0.3392016806722671,0.3257142857142856 a139 a140 a143 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.48944862923477306,0.5110114354879118 a8 a156 a160 DISSOCIATION 0.5829185362437439,-0.0037680798018495665 a160 a164 a151 DISSOCIATION 0.6180766580860384,0.003029968125535909 a164 a13 a145 a102 a143 HETERODIMER_ASSOCIATION 0.5632037006777315,0.43407876000840284 a145 a151 a156 STATE_TRANSITION a165 a166 a151 STATE_TRANSITION a167 a168 a165 TRANSPORT 0.3033986633423007,-0.0020005326443790494 a169 a170 a168 STATE_TRANSITION a172 a136 a175 a176 STATE_TRANSITION a173 a175 a177 STATE_TRANSITION a174 a176 a177 STATE_TRANSITION a178 a180 a179 STATE_TRANSITION a10 csa11 a180 PHYSICAL_STIMULATION a170 a171